Gathering Voices:
Thomas Jefferson and Native America

April 15 – December 30, 2016

Explore Jefferson’s little-known collection of Native American languages and learn how it’s used today.

The last of three exhibitions at the American Philosophical Society on Jefferson, Gathering Voices tells the story of Jefferson’s effort to collect Native American languages and its legacy at the Society. Jefferson had an abiding interest in Native American culture and language, while, at the same time, supporting national policies that ultimately threatened the survival of Indigenous peoples. As president of the APS from 1797 to 1814, Jefferson charged the Society with collecting vocabularies and artifacts from Native American nations. Over the next two hundred years, the APS would become a major repository for linguistic, ethnographic, and anthropological research on Native American cultures.

Gathering Voices traces the Native American language collection at the APS from Jefferson’s vocabularies to the current language revitalization projects at the Society’s Center for Native American and Indigenous Research (CNAIR). Audio stations will allow visitors to hear Native American voices from the past speaking their own languages, and interactive touchscreens will reveal the dramatic extent of Native American language loss as well as the active tribal revitalization efforts underway in collaboration with CNAIR.

Titian Ramsay Peale, Indian on Horseback, 1820, pencil and watercolor on paper. American Philosophical Society

When Thomas Jefferson left Washington after two terms as President of the United States, he packed 50 Native American vocabulary lists in a trunk and sent them on a river barge back to Monticello along with the rest of his possessions. Somewhere along the journey, a thief stole the heavy trunk, thinking it was full of treasure. Upon discovering it was only filled with papers, he tossed the seemingly worthless contents into the James River.

The loss of the vocabularies represented the destruction of 30 years of collecting on Jefferson’s part. Only a few precious fragments were rescued from the muddy banks along the shore. Those fragments, along with Jefferson’s original letter to Barton describing the theft, are on view in the exhibition Gathering Voices: Thomas Jefferson and Native America.

  
Comparative Vocabularies of Several Indian Languages (The Lost Vocabularies), Thomas Jefferson, 1802-1808, manuscript documents

More objects in the exhibition:

Lewis and Clark Journals: Codex F, Meriwether Lewis, August 13, 1805, manuscript document, American Philosophical Society

  
Back of the State House, full image and detail, William Russell Birch, 1799, hand-colored engraving, American Philosophical Society

  
Before and After Images of A:shiwi (Zuni) Children, John N. Choate, ca. 1880, albumen prints, American Philosophical Society

Chip-pin (Always Riding), an Uta Chief, Colorado, A. Zeno Shindler, 1868, albumen print, American Philosophical Society

Witapanóxwe (James Webber), in Native attire with headdress, displaying baskets while Frank G. Speck takes notes, photographer unknown, ca. 1920s, black and white photograph, American Philosophical Society

Anthony Wallace with Nellie Gansworth and Dan Smith (Tuscarora)- Wire Recording Device in Foreground, photographer unknown, 1948, black and white photograph, American Philosophical Society

Advisors to the Exhibition

Dr. Margaret M. Bruchac (Abenaki) is an Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Associate Professor in the Penn Cultural Heritage Center, and Coordinator of the Native American & Indigenous Studies Initiative at the University of Pennsylvania. She directs two restorative research projects—“On the Wampum Trail” and “The Speck Connection”—that endeavor to reconnect objects and data in museums and archives with Indigenous communities and traditions. Her publications include Dreaming Again: Algonkian Poetry (Bowman Books 2012), Indigenous Archaeologies: A Reader in Decolonization (Left Coast Press 2010), and the forthcoming Consorting With Savages: Indigenous Informants and American Anthropologists (University of Arizona Press).

Richard W. Hill, Sr. (Tuscarora) is an artist, writer and curator who lives at the Six Nations Community of the Grand River Territory in Ontario, Canada. Over the years, Rick has served as the Manager of the Indian Art Centre, Ottawa, Ontario; Director of the Indian Museum at the Institute of American Arts in Santa Fe, NM; and the Assistant Director for Public Programs at the National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution; and taught at the State University of New York at Buffalo. Currently he is the Senior Project Coordinator, Deyohahá:ge – Indigenous Knowledge Center at Six Nations Polytechnic.

Support for the Exhibition

This exhibition was made possible by The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Donations by Visitors to the APS Museum, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Legnini, and The Philadelphia Cultural Fund.